I have some colleagues who have worked in Greenland (or Iceland? I can't remember) anyways, there are a very strict set of rules about how every single person must carry a rifle or shotgun at all times because of polar bears. It's apparently one of the questions they ask potential volunteers, "Are you willing to learn to shoot and carry a firearm to protect yourself against polar bears?" - Anyone who hesitates is in the "no" pile.
I have some potential research projects that are based on lower Alaska, particularly on Prince of Wales Island, which isn't home to Grizzlies, but apparently has one of the largest populations of black bears on the planet. Every single person going with me out in the field will have to be able to demonstrate proficiency with a 12-gauge shotgun loaded with slugs. Bells and noise will generally keep them away, but I intend for my students to shoot back to prevent being eaten by bears.