This is a great example of “shooting” mindset vs “fighting with a gun” mindset. It is based on expectations of what your fight will or won’t be. In a fight 1) expect nothing - it’s gonna be what it’s gonna be and 2) in a fight, bullets are opportunities.
The studies you cite are largely the result of minimal training standards and poor emotional control. The latter being more significant.
When you study “average officer” OIS you don’t see officers unsuccessfully trying advanced techniques like skipping rounds or shooting through cover / concealment. Rather you see is an initial burst of basically unarmed fire resulting from a panic response then you see a divergence, some officers continue to panic fire till slide lock, others observe their initial burst was ineffective, regain emotional control and deliver effective hits.
Officers who are better trained, or just have better emotional control, will follow their training and deliver effective hits if the situation allows.
If you are in a gun fight, as opposed to a shooting, fire superiority is a thing. We don’t like the term suppressive fire in LE/ civilian parlance but “directed fire.” (The functional equivilent) is a thing if your opponent has cover and is shooting back.
This shooting involving the Louisville KY PD in April 2018 illustrates the differences in emotional control perfectly. Both officers are armed with standard Glocks. Compare the controlled response of Officer 2 (who returns fire through his windshield) to the panic response of officer 3 who fired 17 rounds.
https://www.courier-journal.com/stor...age/550519002/