Just to expand on this:
If I shoot someone, it's not to arrest them. I get that a LEO shooting someone can legally be framed as a seizure under the 4th Amendment, but I'm not shooting them to seize them: I'm shooting them to stop them from causing greivous bodily harm to myself or another person. Similarly, when I wasnt a LEO I didn't carry a goddamned gun to ward off muggers; I carried a gun to do the same thing I carry a gun now as a LEO: to incapacitate someone as rapidly and reliably as possible so they don't kill me or mine. Before I go on, one of the reasons this whole train of thought on scaring off the attacker is bullshit is because it's framed on the idea of warding off muggers. That's disingenious bullshit; we don't get to choose what their motivations or dedication to follow-through is. By virtue of carrying a gun, can we all agree that to begin with we're not in the business of planning for best possible scenario?
Back to LEO vs civilian; Ain't no different for Joe Civilian. If you have to shoot someone, then you should be using something that has a well defined modicum of ability to incapacitate as extremely well studied and established by people like Martin Fackler, @
DocGKR, the IWBA and FBI.
If Joe Scumbag decides to class himself in the category of "psychological stop", then that's his choice and merrier all around. That doesn't mean we should be basing our choices around it and assuming he will be....we, both LEOs and private citizens, should still seek to carry something that will reliably stop him physiologically. We don't get to choose for him to give up; sometimes we have to make them give up by way of cardiovascular decompression, lack of oxygenation, or a disruption of the CNS.
To suggest otherwise is just naieve and irresponsible, regardless of who says it.